Order No.50 of President of the People's Republic of China
June 30, 1995
Adopted at the 14th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on June 30, 1995, promulgated by Order No.50 of the President of the People's Republic of China on June 30, 1995, and effective as of October 1, 1995
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 This Law is formulated for the purpose of promoting the capital flow and commodity circulation, safeguarding the realization of obligatory right, and developing the socialist market economy.
Article 2 In such economic activities as loans, sales, goods freight and hire of processing work, etc., where the creditor needs to safeguard the realization of his obligatory right by the way of guarantee, a guarantee may be established in accordance with the provisions of this Law.
The modes of guarantee provided for in this Law shall be guaranty, mortgage, pledge, lien and deposit.
Article 3 In activities of guarantee, the principle of equality, voluntariness, fairness and good faith shall be complied with.
Article 4 When a third party offers the creditor a guarantee on behalf of the debtor, he may require the debtor to offer a counterguarantee.
The provisions on guarantee of this Law shall be applicable to counter-guarantee.
Article 5 A guarantee contract shall be an accessory contract to the master contract. Where the master contract is invalid, the guarantee contract shall also be invalid. Where an agreement is otherwise reached in the guarantee contract, that agreement shall prevail.
Where a guarantee contract is affirmed to be invalid, the debtor, surety or creditor is in fault, they shall respectively bear the relevant civil liability according to their own faults.
Chapter II Guaranty
Section 1 Guaranty and Guarantor
Article 6 In this Law, guaranty means that the guarantor and the creditor agree that, when the debtor fails to perform his debt, the guarantor will perform the debt or bear the liability in accordance with the agreement.
Article 7 A guarantor may be a legal person, other organization or a citizen who has ability to discharge of debts on behalf of others.
Article 8 The state administrative departments shall not be a guarantor, unless they, with the approval of the State Council, transfer loans for the purpose of using the loans of foreign governments or international organizations.
Article 9 Such institutions and social organizations as schools, kindergartens and hospitals, etc., which are established for the purpose of public interest shall not be a guarantor.
Article 10 A branch or functional department of an enterprise as legal person shall not be a guarantor.
If a branch of an enterprise as legal person has been delegated in writing by the legal person, it may offer the guaranty within the delegation extent.
Article 11 No organization or individual may oblige enterprises or financial institutions such as a bank to offer guaranty for others; enterprises and financial institutions such as a bank shall have the right to refuse to offer guaranty for others when they are obliged to.
Article 12 Where there are two or more guarantors for the same debt, the guarantors shall, according to their own guaranty shares agreed in the guaranty contract, bear the guaranty liability. In case of no agreement on the guaranty shares, the guarantors shall bear the joint liability. Thus the creditor may demand any of the guarantors to bear the entire guaranty liability, and any of the guarantors shall bear the obligation to guarantee the entire realization of the obligatory right. The guarantor who has borne the guaranty liability shall be entitled to claim repayment from the debtor, or to demand other guarantors bearing the joint liability to satisfy him their shares that they shall bear.
Section 2 Guaranty Contract and Guaranty Mode
Article 13 The guarantor and creditor shall enter into a guaranty contract in written form.
Article 14 The guarantor and creditor may enter into a guaranty contract respectively as for a single master contract, and may also, within the maximum obligatory right amount as for a loan contract occurred continuously during a certain period or a commodity trade contract, enter into a guaranty contract.
Article 15 A guaranty contract shall contain the following contents:
1. the categories and amount of a master obligatory right guaranteed;
2. the time limitation to perform the debt by the debtor;
3. the guaranty mode;
4. the scope guaranteed by the guaranty;
5. the time period of guaranty; and
6. other items which the two parties consider necessary to agree.
If a guaranty contract has the contents prescribed in the proceeding paragraph incomplete, it may be supplemented.
Article 16 The guaranty mode contains:
1. the general guaranty; and
2. the joint liability guaranty.
Article 17 That the parties in a guaranty contract agree that, when the debtor cannot perform the debt, the guaranty liability is to be borne by the guarantor, is the general guaranty.
The guarantor of a general guaranty may, without trial or arbitration on the disputes of a master contract, and before the debt cannot be performed yet with compulsory enforcement on the debtors' property according to the law, refuse to bear the guaranty liability for the creditor.
When there is any one of the following circumstances, the guarantor shall not exercise the right prescribed in the proceeding paragraph:
1. the address of the debtor has changed, so that it becomes a major difficulty for the creditor to demand him to perform the debt;
2. the people's court accepting a debtor's bankruptcy case, orders suspension of execution procedure; or
3. the guarantor abandons the right described in the proceeding paragraph in written form.
Article 18 That the parties in a guaranty contract agree that the guarantor and debtor bear the joint liability on a debt, is the joint liability guaranty.
If the debtor of a joint liability guaranty cannot perform the debt at the date of expiration of the debt performance time limitation prescribed in the master contract, the creditor may demand the debtor to perform the debt, and may also demand the guarantor to bear the guaranty liability within the extent of guaranty.
Article 19 If no agreement or the agreement is not clear on the guaranty mode by the parties, the guaranty liability shall be borne according to the joint liability guaranty.
Article 20 The guarantor of a general guaranty and joint liability guaranty shall be entitled to have the counterplead right of the debtor. If the debtor abandons his counterplead right, the guarantor shall still be entitled to have right to counterplead.
The counterplead right means that the right of, when the creditor exercises his obligatory right, the debtor according to legal reasons executing the petition right against the creditor.
Section 3 Guaranty Liability
Article 21 The guaranteed scope of a guaranty concludes the master obligatory right and its interest, contractual fine, damage compensation and expense of credit realization. If there is an agreement otherwise in the guaranty contract, it shall be complied with.
If no agreement or the agreement is not clear on the guaranteed scope of a guaranty by the parties, the guarantor shall bear the liability to the entire debt.
Article 22 During the time period of guaranty, where the creditor assigns the master obligatory right to a third party according to the law, the guarantor continues to bear the guaranty liability within the original guaranteed scope of the guaranty. If there is an agreement otherwise in the guaranty contract, it shall be complied with.
Article 23 During the time period of guaranty, if the creditor wants to permit the debtor to assign the debt, he shall get the written consent from the guarantor, the guarantor bears no guaranty liability on the debt assigned without his consent.
Article 24 If the creditor and debtor agree to change the master contract, they shall get the written consent from the guarantor, without this written consent, the guarantor bears no longer guaranty liability. If there is an agreement otherwise in the guaranty contract, it shall be complied with.
Article 25 If no agreement on guaranty period between the guarantor and creditor of a general guaranty, the guaranty period shall be 6 months from the date of expiration of the master debt performance time limitation.
During the guaranty period agreed in the contract or described in the proceeding paragraph, if the creditor has not filed a case against the debtor or applied for the arbitration, the guarantor shall be exempted from the guaranty liability; if the creditor has filed a case or applied for the arbitration, the guaranty period shall be applied to the provisions on the discontinuance of limitation of action.
Article 26 If no agreement on a guaranty period between the guarantor and creditor of a joint liability guaranty, the creditor shall be entitled to have the right within 6 months from the date of expiration of the master debt performance time limitation to demand the guarantor to bear the guaranty liability.
During the guaranty period agreed in the contract or described in the proceeding paragraph, if the creditor has not demanded the guarantor to bear guaranty liability, the guarantor shall be exempted from the guaranty liability.
Article 27 The guarantor shall make a guaranty on a credit occurred continuously according to the provisions of Article 14 in this law, if no agreement on guaranty time period, the guarantor may at all times inform the creditor in written form to terminate the guaranty contract, however the guarantor shall, as for the credit occurred before having informed the creditor, bear guaranty liability.
Article 28 Where there are both a guaranty and a guarantee of real right on a same obligatory right, the guarantor shall bear the guaranty liability on the obligatory right except the guarantee of real right.
If the creditor abandons the guarantee of real right, the guarantor shall, within the scope of right abandoned by the creditor, be exempted from the guaranty liability.
Article 29 Where a branch of an enterprise as a legal person enters into a guaranty contract with the creditor without written delegation from the enterprise as legal person or exceeding the extent of delegation, this contract shall be invalid or the part exceeding the extent of delegation shall be invalid; if the creditor and the enterprise as legal person has default, they shall bear the relevant civil liability according to their fault respectively; if the creditor has no default, the civil liability shall be borne by the enterprise as legal person.
Article 30 If there is any one of the following circumstances, the guarantor shall not bear the civil liability:
1. the parties of the master contract collude to defraud the guarantor to offer a guaranty; or
2. the creditor of the master contract take means of fraud or coercion to force the guarantor to offer a guaranty against his true intention.
Article 31 After the guarantor has borne the guaranty liability, he shall be entitled to claim repayment from the debtor.
Article 32 After the people's court accepts a debtor's bankruptcy case, if the creditor does not declare his obligatory rights, the guarantor may take part in the bankrupted property distribution, exercise the right to claim repayment in advance.
Chapter III Mortgage
Section 1 Mortgage and Gage
Article 33 The mortgage prescribed in this Law, means a guarantee that a debtor or a third party does not transfer the possession of the property listed in Article 34 in this Law, make the said property as obligatory right. When the debtor does not perform the debt, the creditor shall be entitled to have right to keep the said property to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of proceeds from the auction, sale of the said property pursuant to the provisions of this Law.
The debtor or third party prescribed in the proceeding paragraph shall be the mortgagor, the creditor shall be the mortgagee, the property offered to guarantee shall be the gage.
Article 34 The following properties may be mortgaged:
1. the house and other land fixtures owned by the mortgagor;
2. the machine, transportation means and other property owned by the mortgagor;
3. the state-owned right to the use of land, house and other land fixtures which the mortgagor is entitled to dispose of pursuant to the law;
4. the state-owned machine, transportation means and other property which the mortgagor is entitled to dispose of pursuant to the law;
5. the right to the use of land on the unreclaimed land such as unreclaimed mountains, unreclaimed valleys, unclaimed hills or unreclaimed beaches which is contracted for management by the mortgagor in accordance with law and is agreed to mortgage by the contractee; or
6. other property which may be mortgaged in accordance with the law.
The mortgagor may mortgage the properties listed in the proceeding paragraph all together.
Article 35 The obligatory right guaranteed by the mortgagor shall not exceed the value of the gage.
After the property is mortgaged, the surplus part that the said property is more than the obligatory right guaranteed, may be mortgaged once more, but shall not exceed the surplus part.
Article 36 If the house upon the state-owned land obtained according to the law is to be mortgaged, the right to the use of the state-owned land within the scope the house occupies shall be mortgaged at the same time.
If the right to the use of state-owned land obtained by way of transfer according to the law, when mortgaged the house upon the said state-owned land shall be mortgaged at the same time.
The right to the use of land of enterprises of a township (town) or village shall not be mortgaged separately. If the buildings of enterprises of township (town) or village such as a plant is to be mortgaged, the right to the use of the land within the scope it occupies shall be mortgaged at the same time.
Article 37 the following properties shall not be mortgaged:
1. the ownership of land;
2. the ownership of the lands owned by collectives such as cultivated land, house sites, private plots of cropland and hilly land shall not be mortgaged, except that prescribed in item 5 of Article 34, paragraph 3 of Article 36 of this Law;
3. the facilities for education, the facilities for public health and medicine and other facilities for social benefit of the institutions or social units for purpose of public interest such as schools, kindergartens or hospitals;
4. the properties whose ownership or right to use is uncertain or in dispute;
5. the properties sealed up, distrained or regulated; or
6. other properties which shall not be mortgaged pursuant to law.
Section 2 Mortgage Contract and Gage Registration
Article 38 The mortgagor and the mortgagee shall enter into a mortgage contract in written form.
Article 39 A mortgage contract shall contain the following contents:
1. the categories and amount of master obligatory right guaranteed;
2. the time limitation to perform the debt by the debtor;
3. the name, quantity, quality, situation, address, ownership or right to the use of the gage;
4. the extent guaranteed by the mortgage; and
5. other items the parties consider necessary to agree.
If a mortgage contract has the contents prescribed in the proceeding paragraph incomplete, it may be supplemented.
Article 40 When entering into a mortgage contract, the mortgagor and the mortgagee shall not agree that, when the mortgagee is not satisfied at date of expiration of the time limitation for the debt performance, the ownership of the gage is to be transferred to the creditor.
Article 41 Where the parties take the properties prescribed in Article 42 of this Law to mortgage, he shall go through the gage registration, the mortgage contract shall be effective as the date of registration.
Article 42 The departments handling the gage registration are as follows:
1. in case that the right to the use of land without fixtures upon the land is to be mortgaged, it shall be the land administration departments which upon verification issue certificates for the right to the use of land;
2. in case that the city real estates or the building of the township (town) or village enterprises such as a plant is to be mortgaged, it shall be the departments prescribed by the local people's governments at and above the county level;
3. in case that the woods are to be mortgaged, it shall be the forestry administration departments at and above the county level;
4. in case that aircraft, vessels or vehicles are to be mortgaged, it shall be the registration departments for transportation means; or
5. in case that the equipment or other movables of a enterprise are to be mortgaged, it shall be the administrations of industry and commerce where the properties are located.
Article 43 Where the party takes other properties to mortgage, he may go through the gage registration on a voluntary basis, the mortgage contract shall be effective as the date of registration.
The party who has not handled the gage registration shall not be opposed to a third party. If the party goes through the gage registration, the registration department is to be the notary department of the area where the mortgagor is located.
Article 44 When the gage registration is to be handled, the following documents or their copies shall be produced to the registration department:
1. the master contract and the mortgage contract; and
2. the certificate of ownership of or right to the use of the gage.
Article 45 The information registered by the registration department shall be allowed to inquire and read, copy by hand and copy.
Section 3 Effect of Mortgage
Article 46 Within the guaranteed scope of a mortgage shall be the master obligatory and its interest, contractual fine, damage compensation and expense of realization of mortgage. If there is an agreement otherwise in the mortgage contract, it shall be complied with.
Article 47 At the date of expiration of the debt performance period, if the debtor has not performed the debt so that the gage has been distrained by the people's court, from the date of distraining the mortgagee shall be entitled to collect the natural fruits separated from the gage and the legal fruits that the mortgagee may collect on the gage. If the mortgagee has not informed the fact of the distraining of the gage to the obligatory person who shall satisfy the claim out of proceeds for the legal fruits, the effect of mortgage shall not extend to the said fruits.
The fruits of the proceeding paragraph shall eliminate in advance the expense of collecting the fruits.
Article 48 If the mortgagor wants to mortgage a property that has been leased, he shall notify the leased in writing, and the original lease contract continues to be effective.
Article 49 During the period of mortgage, if the mortgagor assigns the gage registered, he shall inform the mortgagee and also notify the assignee of the situation that the grant has been mortgaged; if the mortgagor does not inform the mortgagee or notify the assignee, the assigning behavior shall be invalid.
If the value amount of the gage assigned is obviously lower than its value, the mortgagee may demand the mortgagor to offer the equivalent guarantee; if the mortgagor does not offer, the gage shall not be assigned.
The value amount from assigning the gage by the mortgagor shall satisfy in advance the mortgagee for the claim out of the proceeds on the obligatory right guaranteed or be deposited to the third party he agreed with the mortgagee. The part exceeding the amount of the obligatory right, shall be owned by the mortgagor, while the short part shall be satisfied by the debtor.
Article 50 The mortgage right shall not be separated from the obligatory right so that it is assigned solely or as a guarantee of other obligatory rights.
Article 51 If the behavior of the mortgagor causes the value of the gage to decrease, the mortgagee shall be entitled to have right to demand the mortgagor to stop his behavior. When the value of the gage decreases, the mortgagee shall be entitled to have right to demand the mortgagor to restore the value of the gage, or offer a guarantee equivalent to the value decreased.
If the mortgagor has no fault for the decrease of the value of the gage the mortgagee shall demand the mortgagee to be offered only within the extent of compensation for the damage obtained by the mortgagor. The part of the gage of which the value does not decrease, shall still be the guarantee of the obligatory right.
Article 52 The mortgage shall exist simultaneously with the obligatory right it guarantees, where the obligatory right is extinct, the mortgage shall be extinct as well.
Section 4 Realization of Mortgage
Article 53 At the date of expiration of the debt performance period if the mortgagee has not been satisfied with the claim out of proceeds, he may make an agreement with the mortgagor to keep the said property to offset the gage or satisfies his claim out of proceeds from the auction, sale of the said gage; if failing to make an agreement, the mortgagor may file a case to the People's Court.
After the gage is set off, auctioned or sold, the part of the value amount exceeding the amount of the obligatory right shall be owned by the mortgagor, the short part shall be satisfied by the debtor.
Article 54 If there are two or more creditors who have a mortgage on the same property, the value amount obtained from the auction, sale of the gage shall be satisfied pursuant to the following provisions:
1. where the mortgage contract is effective through registration, it shall be satisfied in the registration sequence of the gage; if equal in sequence, then it shall be satisfied according to the proportion of the obligatory right; or
2. where the mortgage contract is effective as the date of signing, and the said gage has been registered, it shall be satisfied according to the item 1 of this Article; if the gage has not registered, it shall be satisfied in the sequence of the effective date of the contracts, and if equal in sequence, it shall be satisfied according to the proportion of the obligatory right. The registered gage has priority to the unregistered gage.
Article 55 After the signing of the city real estates mortgage contract, the houses built lately upon the land shall not belong to the gage. When the said mortgaged real estates is needed to be auctioned, the lately built houses upon the land may be auctioned together with the gage, but as for the amount from the auction of the lately built houses, the mortgagee shall not be entitled to have priority in satisfying the claim out of proceeds.
Where the right to the use of land of the unreclaimed land contracted for management according to this Law is to be mortgaged, or the right to the use of the land within the extent occupied by the buildings of the township (town) or village enterprises such as a plant is to be mortgaged, after the realization of mortgage, the collective ownership and purpose of the land shall not be changed without the legal procedure is gone through.
Article 56 The value amount obtained from the auction of the right to the use of the stated-owned land appropriated, after paying the amount equivalent to the transfer fee of the right to the use of land which shall be paid, the mortgagee shall be entitled to have right in priority for the claim out of proceeds.
Article 57 The third party who offers guarantee of a mortgage on behalf of the debtor, after the realization of the mortgage by the mortgagee, shall be entitled to have right to claim repayment from the debtor.
Article 58 The mortgage right extinguishes with the extinction of the gage. The compensation for the extinction shall be as the mortgaged property.
Section 5 Mortgage of the Maximum Amount
Article 59 The mortgage of the maximum amount prescribed in this Law, means that the mortgagor and the mortgagee agree, within the extent of maximum amount of the obligatory right, to take the gage as the guarantee of the obligatory right occurred continuously during a certain period.
Article 60 A loan contract may be attached with a mortgage contract of maximum amount.
The contract signed by the creditor and debtor on a certain item commodity with which the trade occurs continuously during a certain period, may be attached with a mortgage contract of maximum amount.
Article 61 The obligatory right of the master contract with the mortgage of maximum amount shall not be assigned.
Article 62 The mortgage of maximum amount shall, besides that it is applied to the provisions of this section, be applied to other provisions of this Chapter.
Chapter IV Pledge
Section 1 Pledge of Movables
Article 63 The pledge of movables described in this Law, means that the debtor or the party delivers his movables to the creditor for possession, and takes the said movables as the guarantee of the obligatory right. When the debtor does not perform the debt, the creditor shall be entitled to have right to keep the said movables to offset or have priority in satisfying in the claim out of proceeds from the value amount of the auction or sale of the said movables.
The debtor or the third party prescribed in the proceeding paragraph shall be a pledgor, the creditor shall be a pledgee, the movables delivered shall be the pledgings.
Article 64 The pledgor and the pledgee shall enter into a pledge contract in writing.
A pledge contract shall be effective as the date of remitting the pledgings to the pledgee.
Article 65 A pledge contract shall contain the following contents:
1. the categories and amount of the master obligation right guaranteed;
2. the time period to perform the debt by the debtor;
3. the name, quantity, quality and situation of the pledgings;
4. the extent guaranteed by the pledge;
5. the time to deliver the pledgings; and
6. other items which the parties consider necessary to agree.
If a pledge contract has the contents incompletely prescribed in the proceeding paragraph, it may be supplemented.
Article 66 The pledgor and the pledgee shall not agree that, when the pledgee is not satisfied at date of expiration of the time limitation for the debt performance, the ownership of the pledgings is to be transferred to the pledgee.
Article 67 The guaranteed scope of a pledge shall conclude the master obligatory right and its interest, contractual fine, damage compensation, expense for keeping the pledgings and expense for realization of pledge. If there is an agreement otherwise in the pledge contract, it shall be complied with.
Article 68 The pledgee shall be entitled to have right to collect the fruits produced by the pledgings. If there is an agreement otherwise in the pledge contract, it shall be complied with.
The fruits of the proceeding paragraph shall eliminate in advance the expense of collecting the fruits.
Article 69 The pledgee shall bear the obligation to keep the pledgings properly. If he does not keep the pledgings properly so that the pledgings are extinct or damaged, the pledgee shall bear the civil liability.
If the pledgee cannot keep the pledgings properly which probably cause the extinction or damage of the pledgings, the pledgor may demand the pledgee to have the pledgings to be deposited, or demand to satisfy the obligatory right before the date of expiration in order that the pledgings can be returned.
Article 70 If there is a probability of damage of or obvious deduction of the value of the pledgings that is enough to hurt the rights of the pledgee, the pledgee may demand the pledgor to offer the relevant guarantee. If the pledgor does not offer the guarantee, the pledgee may auction or sell the pledgings, and make an agreement with the pledgor that the value amount obtained from the auction or sale is used to satisfy the obligatory right guaranteed before the date of expiration or to be deposited to the third party whom he agrees with the pledgor.
Article 71 At the date of expiration of the debt performance time limitation if the debtor has performed the debt, or the pledgor has satisfied the obligatory right guaranteed before the date of expiration, the pledgee shall return the pledgings.
At the date of expiration of the debt performance time limitation if the pledgee has not been satisfied, he may make an agreement with the pledgor to keep the pledgings to offset, or to auction, sell the pledgings.
After the pledgings are kept to offset or auctioned, sold, the part that the value amount exceeds the amount of the obligatory right shall be owned by the pledgor, the short part shall be satisfied by the debtor.
Article 72 The third party who offers the guarantee of a pledge on behalf of the debtor shall, after the realization of the pledge by the pledgee, be entitled to have right to claim repayment from the debtor.
Article 73 The right of the pledge extinguishes with the extinction of the pledgings. The compensation for the extinction shall be as the pledged property.
Article 74 The pledge shall be existed simultaneously with the obligatory right it guarantees, where the obligatory right is extinct, the pledge is extinct as well.
Section 2 Pledge of Rights
Article 75 The following rights may be pledged:
1. a bill of exchange, check, promissory note, bond, deposit receipt, bill of lading or warehouse receipt;
2. the share or share paper which may be assigned according to the law;
3. the property right of the exclusive right to use trademark, patent right, copyright which may be assigned according to the law; or
4. other rights which may be pledged according to the law;
Article 76 Where the bill of exchange, check, promissory note, bond, deposit receipt, bill of lading or warehouse receipt is to be pledged, the right voucher shall be delivered to the pledgee within the time limitation agreed in the contract. The pledge contract shall be effective from the date of delivery of the right voucher.
Article 77 Where the bill of exchange, check, promissory note, bond, deposit receipt, bill of lading or warehouse receipt with clear record of the date of cashing or delivery of the goods is to be pledged, if the date of cashing or delivery of the goods is before expiration of the debt performance time period, the pledgee may make a cashing or delivery of the goods before the date of expiration of the debt performance time period, and make an agreement with the pledgor that the value amount cashed or the goods delivered is to be used to satisfy the obligatory right guaranteed before the date of expiration or to be deposited to the third party he agrees with the pledgee.
Article 78 Where the share paper that may be assigned according to the law is to be pledged, the pledgor and the pledgee shall enter into a written contract, and go through the pledge registration to the security registration institution. The pledge contract shall be effective as the date of registration.
After the share paper is pledged, it shall not be assigned, however it may be assigned with the agreement between the pledgor and the pledgee. The value amount obtained from the assignment of the shares by the pledgor shall be used to satisfy the pledgee the obligatory right guaranteed before the date of expiration or to be deposited to the third party he agrees with the pledgee.
Where the shares of a limited liability corporation are to be pledged, it shall be applied to the concerned provisions of the Corporation Law on the assignment of shares. The pledge contract shall be effective as the date of recording the pledge of the shares in the shareholders' name list.
Article 79 Where the property right of the exclusive right to use trademark, patent right or copyright which may be assigned according to the law is to be pledged, the pledgor and the pledgee shall enter into a written contract, and go through the pledge registration to its administration department. The pledge contract shall be effective as of the date of registration.
Article 80 After the right prescribed in Article 79 is pledged, the pledgor shall not assign or permit others to use them, however it may be assigned with the agreement between the pledgor and the pledgee. The assignment fee, permission fee obtained by the pledgor shall be used to satisfy the obligatory right of the pledgee guaranteed before the date of expiration or to be deposited to the third party he agrees with the pledgee.
Article 81 The pledge of rights shall, besides that it is applied to the provisions of this section, be applied to other provisions of Section 1 in this Chapter.
Chapter V Lien
Article 82 The lien prescribed in this Law means that, according to the provisions of Article 84 in this Law, the creditor possess the property of the debtor according to the agreement of the contract, if the debtor does not perform the debt pursuant to the time limitation agreed in the contract, the creditor shall be entitled to have right to have a lien on the said property according to this Law, to keep the said property to offset or have priority in satisfying for the claim out of proceeds from the value amount of the auction, sale of the said property.
Article 83 The guaranteed scope of a lien shall conclude the master obligatory right and its interest, contractual fine, damage compensation, expense for keeping the subject with a lien and expense for realization of the right of lien.
Article 84 As for the obligatory right occurred with the contract of safekeeping, contract of carriage or contract for processing work, if the debtor does not perform the debt, the creditor shall be entitled to have a lien on it.
Other contracts in which a lien may be agreed prescribed by the laws, shall be applied to the provisions of the proceeding paragraph.
The parties may agree in the contract the subject that shall not be had with a lien.
Article 85 If the property with a lien is separable, the value of the subject with a lien shall be equal to the amount of the debt.
Article 86 The lienor shall bear the obligation to keep the subject with a lien properly. If he does not keep the subject with a lien properly so that the subject with a lien is extinct or damaged, the lienor shall bear the civil liability.
Article 87 The creditor and the debtor shall agree in the contract that, after the creditor has a lien on the property, the debtor shall perform the debt within the time limitation that shall not be less than 2 months. If the creditor and the debtor have not agreed in the contract, after the creditor has a lien on the property of the debtor, he shall determine a time limitation of more than 2 months, inform the debtor to perform the debt within the said time limitation.
If the debtor does not perform the debt yet at the date of expiration of the time limitation, the creditor may make an agreement with the debtor to keep the subject with a lien to offset, and may also auction, sell the subject with a lien according to the law.
After the subject with a lien is kept to offset or auctioned, sold, the part of which the value amount exceeds the amount of the obligatory right shall be owned by the debtor, the short part shall be satisfied by the debtor.
Article 88 The right of lien extinguishes,
1. if the obligatory right extinguishes; or
2. if the debtor offers guarantee otherwise and it is accepted by the creditor.
Chapter VI Deposit
Article 89 The parties may agree that one party will pay the deposit to another party as guarantee. After the debtor performs the debt, the deposit shall offset the value amount or be returned. If the party who pays the deposit does not perform the debt, he shall not be entitled to have right to demand the deposit to be returned; if the party who accepts the deposit does not perform the debt, he shall return twice the amount of the deposit.
Article 90 The deposit shall be agreed in writing. The parties shall agree the time limitation to pay the deposit in the deposit contract. The deposit contract shall be effective as the date of actual payment of the deposit.
Article 91 The amount of the deposit shall be determined by the parties, but shall not exceed 20 percent of the target amount of the master contract.
Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions
Article 92 The real estate prescribed in this Law indicates the land and the fixtures upon the land such as a house or woods.
The movables prescribed in this Law indicates the subjects except the real estate.
Article 93 The guaranty contract, mortgage contract, pledge contract, deposit contract prescribed in this Law may be a written contract entered into separately, including the mails or letters, faxes between the parties which have the nature of guarantee, and may also be the guarantee articles in the master contract.
Article 94 When the gage, pledging and subject with a lien is offset or sold, the market price shall be refereed to.
Article 95 If any law such as the Maritime Code has specific provisions on the guarantee, they shall be complied with.
Article 96 This Law shall enter into force as of the date of October 1, 1995.
Promulgated by The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on 1995-6-30
中华人民共和国担保法
主席令第50号1995年6月30日
1995年6月30日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十四次会议通过，1995年6月30日中华人民共和国主席令第五十号公布，1995年10月1日起施行。
第一章 总则
第一条 为促进资金融通和商品流通，保障债权的实现，发展社会主义市场经济，制定本法。
第二条 在借贷、买卖、货物运输、加工承揽等经济活动中，债权人需要以担保方式保障其债权实现的，可以依照本法规定设定担保。
本法规定的担保方式为保证、抵押、质押、留置和定金。
第三条 担保活动应当遵循平等、自愿、公平、诚实信用的原则。
第四条 第三人为债务人向债权人提供担保时，可以要求债务人提供反担保。
反担保适用本法担保的规定。
第五条 担保合同是主合同的从合同，主合同无效，担保合同无效。担保合同另有约定的，按照约定。
担保合同被确认无效后，债务人、担保人、债权人有过错的，应当根据其过错各自承担相应的民事责任。
第二章 保证
第一节 保证和保证人
第六条 本法所称保证，是指保证人和债权人约定，当债务人不履行债务时，保证人按照约定履行债务或者承担责任的行为。
第七条 具有代为清偿债务能力的法人、其他组织或者公民，可以作保证人。
第八条 国家机关不得为保证人，但经国务院批准为使用外国政府或者国际经济组织贷款进行转贷的除外。
第九条 学校、幼儿园、医院等以公益为目的的事业单位、社会团体不得为保证人。
第十条 企业法人的分支机构、职能部门不得为保证人。
企业法人的分支机构有法人书面授权的，可以在授权范围内提供保证。
第十一条 任何单位和个人不得强令银行等金融机构或者企业为他人提供保证；银行等金融机构或者企业对强令其为他人提供保证的行为，有权拒绝。
第十二条 同一债务有两个以上保证人的，保证人应当按照保证合同约定的保证份额，承担保证责任。没有约定保证份额的，保证人承担连带责任，债权人可以要求任何一个保证人承担全部保证责任，保证人都负有担保全部债权实现的义务。已经承担保证责任的保证人，有权向债务人追偿，或者要求承担连带责任的其他保证人清偿其应当承担的份额。
第二节 保证合同和保证方式
第十三条 保证人与债权人应当以书面形式订立保证合同。
第十四条 保证人与债权人可以就单个主合同分别订立保证合同，也可以协议在最高债权额限度内就一定期间连续发生的借款合同或者某项商品交易合同订立一个保证合同。
第十五条 保证合同应当包括以下内容：
(一) 被保证的主债权种类、数额；
(二) 债务人履行债务的期限；
(三) 保证的方式；
(四) 保证担保的范围；
(五) 保证的期间；
(六) 双方认为需要约定的其他事项。
保证合同不完全具备前款规定内容的，可以补正。
第十六条 保证的方式有：
(一) 一般保证；
(二) 连带责任保证。
第十七条 当事人在保证合同中约定，债务人不能履行债务时，由保证人承担保证责任的，为一般保证。
一般保证的保证人在主合同纠纷未经审判或者仲裁，并就债务人财产依法强制执行仍不能履行债务前，对债权人可以拒绝承担保证责任。
有下列情形之一的，保证人不得行使前款规定的权利：
(一) 债务人住所变更，致使债权人要求其履行债务发生重大困难的；
(二) 人民法院受理债务人破产案件，中止执行程序的；
(三) 保证人以书面形式放弃前款规定的权利的。
第十八条 当事人在保证合同中约定保证人与债务人对债务承担连带责任的，为连带责任保证。
连带责任保证的债务人在主合同规定的债务履行期届满没有履行债务的，债权人可以要求债务人履行债务，也可以要求保证人在其保证范围内承担保证责任。
第十九条 当事人对保证方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照连带责任保证承担保证责任。
第二十条 一般保证和连带责任保证的保证人享有债务人的抗辩权。债务人放弃对债务的抗辩权的，保证人仍有权抗辩。
抗辩权是指债权人行使债权时，债务人根据法定事由，对抗债权人行使请求权的权利。
第三节 保证责任
第二十一条 保证担保的范围包括主债权及利息、违约金、损害赔偿金和实现债权的费用。保证合同另有约定的，按照约定。
当事人对保证担保的范围没有约定或者约定不明确的，保证人应当对全部债务承担责任。
第二十二条 保证期间，债权人依法将主债权转让给第三人的，保证人在原保证担保的范围内继续承担保证责任。保证合同另有约定的，按照约定。
第二十三条 保证期间，债权人许可债务人转让债务的，应当取得保证人书面同意，保证人对未经其同意转让的债务，不再承担保证责任。
第二十四条 债权人与债务人协议变更主合同的，应当取得保证人书面同意，未经保证人书面同意的，保证人不再承担保证责任。保证合同另有约定的，按照约定。
第二十五条 一般保证的保证人与债权人未约定保证期间的，保证期间为主债务履行期届满之日起六个月。
在合同约定的保证期间和前款规定的保证期间，债权人未对债务人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的，保证人免除保证责任；债权人已提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的，保证期间适用诉讼时效中断的规定。
第二十六条 连带责任保证的保证人与债权人未约定保证期间的，债权人有权自主债务履行期届满之日起六个月内要求保证人承担保证责任。
在合同约定的保证期间和前款规定的保证期间，债权人未要求保证人承担保证责任的，保证人免除保证责任。
第二十七条 保证人依照本法第十四条规定就连续发生的债权作保证，未约定保证期间的，保证人可以随时书面通知债权人终止保证合同，但保证人对于通知到债权人前所发生的债权，承担保证责任。
第二十八条 同一债权既有保证又有物的担保的，保证人对物的担保以外的债权承担保证责任。
债权人放弃物的担保的，保证人在债权人放弃权利的范围内免除保证责任。
第二十九条 企业法人的分支机构未经法人书面授权或者超出授权范围与债权人订立保证合同的，该合同无效或者超出授权范围的部分无效，债权人和企业法人有过错的，应当根据其过错各自承担相应的民事责任；债权人无过错的，由企业法人承担民事责任。
第三十条 有下列情形之一的，保证人不承担民事责任：
(一) 主合同当事人双方串通，骗取保证人提供保证的；
(二) 主合同债权人采取欺诈、胁迫等手段，使保证人在违背真实意思的情况下提供保证的。
第三十一条 保证人承担保证责任后，有权向债务人追偿。
第三十二条 人民法院受理债务人破产案件后，债权人未申报债权的，保证人可以参加破产财产分配，预先行使追偿权。
第三章 抵押
第一节 抵押和抵押物
第三十三条 本法所称抵押，是指债务人或者第三人不转移对本法第三十四条所列财产的占有，将该财产作为债权的担保。债务人不履行债务时，债权人有权依照本法规定以该财产折价或者以拍卖、变卖该财产的价款优先受偿。
前款规定的债务人或者第三人为抵押人，债权人为抵押权人，提供担保的财产为抵押物。
第三十四条 下列财产可以抵押：
(一) 抵押人所有的房屋和其他地上定着物；
(二) 抵押人所有的机器、交通运输工具和其他财产；
(三) 抵押人依法有权处分的国有的土地使用权、房屋和其他地上定着物；
(四) 抵押人依法有权处分的国有的机器、交通运输工具和其他财产；
(五) 抵押人依法承包并经发包方同意抵押的荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩等荒地的土地使用权；
(六) 依法可以抵押的其他财产。
抵押人可以将前款所列财产一并抵押。
第三十五条 抵押人所担保的债权不得超出其抵押物的价值。
财产抵押后，该财产的价值大于所担保债权的余额部分，可以再次抵押，但不得超出其余额部分。
第三十六条 以依法取得的国有土地上的房屋抵押的，该房屋占用范围内的国有土地使用权同时抵押。
以出让方式取得的国有土地使用权抵押的，应当将抵押时该国有土地上的房屋同时抵押。
乡（镇）、村企业的土地使用权不得单独抵押。以乡（镇）、村企业的厂房等建筑物抵押的，其占用范围内的土地使用权同时抵押。
第三十七条 下列财产不得抵押：
(一) 土地所有权；
(二) 耕地、宅基地、自留地、自留山等集体所有的土地使用权，但本法第三十四条第（五）项、第三十六条第三款规定的除外；
(三) 学校、幼儿园、医院等以公益为目的的事业单位、社会团体的教育设施、医疗卫生设施和其他社会公益设施；
(四) 所有权、使用权不明或者有争议的财产；
(五) 依法被查封，扣押、监管的财产；
(六) 依法不得抵押的其他财产。
第二节 抵押合同和抵押物登记
第三十八条 抵押人和抵押权人应当以书面形式订立抵押合同。
第三十九条 抵押合同应当包括以下内容：
(一) 被担保的主债权种类、数额；
(二) 债务人履行债务的期限；
(三) 抵押物的名称、数量、质量、状况、所在地、所有权权属或者使用权权属；
(四) 抵押担保的范围；
(五) 当事人认为需要约定的其他事项。
抵押合同不完全具备前款规定内容的，可以补正。
第四十条 订立抵押合同时，抵押权人和抵押人在合同中不得约定在债务履行期届满抵押权人未受清偿时，抵押物的所有权转移为债权人所有。
第四十一条 当事人以本法第四十二条规定的财产抵押的，应当办理抵押物登记，抵押合同自登记之日起生效。
第四十二条 办理抵押物登记的部门如下：
(一) 以无地上定着物的土地使用权抵押的，为核发土地使用权证书的土地管理部门；
(二) 以城市房地产或者乡（镇）、村企业的厂房等建筑物抵押的，为县级以上地方人民政府规定的部门；
(三) 以林木抵押的，为县级以上林木主管部门；
(四) 以航空器、船舶、车辆抵押的，为运输工具的登记部门；
(五) 以企业的设备和其他动产抵押的，为财产所在地的工商行政管理部门。
第四十三条 当事人以其他财产抵押的，可以自愿办理抵押物登记，抵押合同自签订之日起生效。
当事人未办理抵押物登记的，不得对抗第三人。当事人办理抵押物登记的，登记部门为抵押人所在地的公证部门。
第四十四条 办理抵押物登记，应当向登记部门提供下列文件或者其复印件：
(一) 主合同和抵押合同；
(二) 抵押物的所有权或者使用权证书。
第四十五条 登记部门登记的资料，应当允许查阅、抄录或者复印。
第三节 抵押的效力
第四十六条 抵押担保的范围包括主债权及利息、违约金、损害赔偿金和实现抵押权的费用。抵押合同另有约定的，按照约定。
第四十七条 债务履行期届满，债务人不履行债务致使抵押物被人民法院依法扣押的，自扣押之日起抵押权人有权收取由抵押物分离的天然孳息以及抵押人就抵押物可以收取的法定孳息。抵押权人未将扣押抵押物的事实通知应当清偿法定孳息的义务人的，抵押权的效力不及于该孳息。
前款孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。
第四十八条 抵押人将已出租的财产抵押的，应当书面告知承租人，原租赁合同继续有效。
第四十九条 抵押期间，抵押人转让已办理登记的抵押物的，应当通知抵押权人并告知受让人转让物已经抵押的情况；抵押人未通知抵押权人或者未告知受让人的，转让行为无效。
转让抵押物的价款明显低于其价值的，抵押权人可以要求抵押人提供相应的担保；抵押人不提供的，不得转让抵押物。
抵押人转让抵押物所得的价款，应当向抵押权人提前清偿所担保的债权或者向与抵押权人约定的第三人提存。超过债权数额的部分，归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
第五十条 抵押权不得与债权分离而单独转让或者作为其他债权的担保。
第五十一条 抵押人的行为足以使抵押物价值减少的，抵押权人有权要求抵押人停止其行为。抵押物价值减少时，抵押权人有权要求抵押人恢复抵押物的价值，或者提供与减少的价值相当的担保。
抵押人对抵押物价值减少无过错的，抵押权人只能在抵押人因损害而得到的赔偿范围内要求提供担保。抵押物价值未减少的部分，仍作为债权的担保。
第五十二条 抵押权与其担保的债权同时存在，债权消灭的，抵押权也消灭。
第四节 抵押权的实现
第五十三条 债务履行期届满抵押权人未受清偿的，可以与抵押人协议以抵押物折价或者以拍卖、变卖该抵押物所得的价款受偿；协议不成的，抵押权人可以向人民法院提起诉讼。
抵押物折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
第五十四条 同一财产向两个以上债权人抵押的，拍卖、变卖抵押物所得的价款按照以下规定清偿：
(一) 抵押合同以登记生效的，按照抵押物登记的先后顺序清偿；顺序相同的，按照债权比例清偿；
(二) 抵押合同自签订之日起生效的，该抵押物已登记的，按照本条第（一）项规定清偿；未登记的，按照合同生效时间的先后顺序清偿，顺序相同的，按照债权比例清偿。抵押物已登记的先于未登记的受偿。
第五十五条 城市房地产抵押合同签订后，土地上新增的房屋不属于抵押物。需要拍卖该抵押的房地产时，可以依法将该土地上新增的房屋与抵押物一同拍卖，但对拍卖新增房屋所得，抵押权人无权优先受偿。
依照本法规定以承包的荒地的土地使用权抵押的，或者以乡（镇）、村企业的厂房等建筑物占用范围内的土地使用权抵押的，在实现抵押权后，未经法定程序不得改变土地集体所有和土地用途。
第五十六条 拍卖划拨的国有土地使用权所得的价款，在依法缴纳相当于应缴纳的土地使用权出让金的款额后，抵押权人有优先受偿权。
第五十七条 为债务人抵押担保的第三人，在抵押权人实现抵押权后，有权向债务人追偿。
第五十八条 抵押权因抵押物灭失而消灭。因灭失所得的赔偿金，应当作为抵押财产。
第五节 最高额抵押
第五十九条 本法所称最高额抵押，是指抵押人与抵押权人协议，在最高债权额限度内，以抵押物对一定期间内连续发生的债权作担保。
第六十条 借款合同可以附最高额抵押合同。
债权人与债务人就某项商品在一定期间内连续发生交易而签订的合同，可以附最高额抵押合同。
第六十一条 最高额抵押的主合同债权不得转让。
第六十二条 最高额抵押除适用本节规定外，适用本章其他规定。
第四章 质押
第一节 动产质押
第六十三条 本法所称动产质押，是指债务人或者第三人将其动产移交债权人占有，将该动产作为债权的担保。债务人不履行债务时，债权人有权依照本法规定以该动产折价或者以拍卖、变卖该动产的价款优先受偿。
前款规定的债务人或者第三人为出质人，债权人为质权人，移交的动产为质物。
第六十四条 出质人和质权人应当以书面形式订立质押合同。
质押合同自质物移交于质权人占有时生效。
第六十五条 质押合同应当包括以下内容：
(一) 被担保的主债权种类、数额；
(二) 债务人履行债务的期限；
(三) 质物的名称、数量、质量、状况；
(四) 质押担保的范围；
(五) 质物移交的时间；
(六) 当事人认为需要约定的其他事项。
质押合同不完全具备前款规定内容的，可以补正。
第六十六条 出质人和质权人在合同中不得约定在债务履行期届满质权人未受清偿时，质物的所有权转移为质权人所有。
第六十七条 质押担保的范围包括主债权及利息、违约金、损害赔偿金、质物保管费用和实现质权的费用。质押合同另有约定的，按照约定。
第六十八条 质权人有权收取质物所生的孳息。质押合同另有约定的，按照约定。
前款孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。
第六十九条 质权人负有妥善保管质物的义务。因保管不善致使质物灭失或者毁损的，质权人应当承担民事责任。
质权人不能妥善保管质物可能致使其灭失或者毁损的，出质人可以要求质权人将质物提存，或者要求提前清偿债权而返还质物。
第七十条 质物有损坏或者价值明显减少的可能，足以危害质权人权利的，质权人可以要求出质人提供相应的担保。出质人不提供的，质权人可以拍卖或者变卖质物，并与出质人协议将拍卖或者变卖所得的价款用于提前清偿所担保的债权或者向与出质人约定的第三人提存。
第七十一条 债务履行期届满债务人履行债务的，或者出质人提前清偿所担保的债权的，质权人应当返还质物。
债务履行期届满质权人未受清偿的，可以与出质人协议以质物折价，也可以依法拍卖、变卖质物。
质物折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过质权数额的部分归出质人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
第七十二条 为债务人质押担保的第三人，在质权人实现质权后，有权向债务人追偿。
第七十三条 质权因质物灭失而消灭。因灭失所得的赔偿金，应当作为出质财产。
第七十四条 质权与其担保的债权同时存在，债权消灭的，质权也消灭。
第二节 权利质押
第七十五条 下列权利可以质押：
(一) 汇票、支票、本票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单；
(二) 依法可以转让的股份、股票；
(三) 依法可以转让的商标专用权，专利权、著作权中的财产权；
(四) 依法可以质押的其他权利。
第七十六条 以汇票、支票、本票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单出质的，应当在合同约定的期限内将权利凭证交付质权人。质押合同自权利凭证交付之日起生效。
第七十七条 以载明兑现或者提货日期的汇票、支票、本票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单出质的，汇票、支票、本票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单兑现或者提货日期先于债务履行期的，质权人可以在债务履行期届满前兑现或者提货，并与出质人协议将兑现的价款或者提取的货物用于提前清偿所担保的债权或者向与出质人约定的第三人提存。
第七十八条 以依法可以转让的股票出质的，出质人与质权人应当订立书面合同，并向证券登记机构办理出质登记。质押合同自登记之日起生效。
股票出质后，不得转让，但经出质人与质权人协商同意的可以转让。出质人转让股票所得的价款应当向质权人提前清偿所担保的债权或者向与质权人约定的第三人提存。
以有限责任公司的股份出质的，适用公司法股份转让的有关规定。质押合同自股份出质记载于股东名册之日起生效。
第七十九条 以依法可以转让的商标专用权，专利权、著作权中的财产权出质的，出质人与质权人应当订立书面合同，并向其管理部门办理出质登记。质押合同自登记之日起生效。
第八十条 本法第七十九条规定的权利出质后，出质人不得转让或者许可他人使用，但经出质人与质权人协商同意的可以转让或者许可他人使用。出质人所得的转让费、许可费应当向质权人提前清偿所担保的债权或者向与质权人约定的第三人提存。
第八十一条 权利质押除适用本节规定外，适用本章第一节的规定。
第五章 留置
第八十二条 本法所称留置，是指依照本法第八十四条的规定，债权人按照合同约定占有债务人的动产，债务人不按照合同约定的期限履行债务的，债权人有权依照本法规定留置该财产，以该财产折价或者以拍卖、变卖该财产的价款优先受偿。
第八十三条 留置担保的范围包括主债权及利息、违约金、损害赔偿金，留置物保管费用和实现留置权的费用。
第八十四条 因保管合同、运输合同、加工承揽合同发生的债权，债务人不履行债务的，债权人有留置权。
法律规定可以留置的其他合同，适用前款规定。
当事人可以在合同中约定不得留置的物。
第八十五条 留置的财产为可分物的，留置物的价值应当相当于债务的金额。
第八十六条 留置权人负有妥善保管留置物的义务。因保管不善致使留置物灭失或者毁损的，留置权人应当承担民事责任。
第八十七条 债权人与债务人应当在合同中约定，债权人留置财产后，债务人应当在不少于两个月的期限内履行债务。债权人与债务人在合同中未约定的，债权人留置债务人财产后，应当确定两个月以上的期限，通知债务人在该期限内履行债务。
债务人逾期仍不履行的，债权人可以与债务人协议以留置物折价，也可以依法拍卖、变卖留置物。
留置物折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归债务人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
第八十八条 留置权因下列原因消灭：
(一) 债权消灭的；
(二) 债务人另行提供担保并被债权人接受的。
第六章 定金
第八十九条 当事人可以约定一方向对方给付定金作为债权的担保。债务人履行债务后，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行约定的债务的，无权要求返还定金；收受定金的一方不履行约定的债务的，应当双倍返还定金。
第九十条 定金应当以书面形式约定。当事人在定金合同中应当约定交付定金的期限。定金合同从实际交付定金之日起生效。
第九十一条 定金的数额由当事人约定，但不得超过主合同标的额的百分之二十。
第七章 附则
第九十二条 本法所称不动产是指土地以及房屋、林木等地上定着物。
本法所称动产是指不动产以外的物。
第九十三条 本法所称保证合同、抵押合同、质押合同、定金合同可以是单独订立的书面合同，包括当事人之间具有担保性质的信函、传真等，也可以是主合同中的担保条款。
第九十四条 抵押物、质物、留置物折价或者变卖，应当参照市场价格。
第九十五条 海商法等法律对担保有特别规定的，依照其规定。
第九十六条 本法自1995年10月1生效。
全国人民代表大会常务委员会 1995年6月30日 颁布
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